For example, if youre playing root note patterns with the notes A, D, and F work on adding the octaves for each note. Na, thanks! The first few notes you hear are the sound of the bass guitar. When you play and practice octaves, don't let them ring together at the same time. As you start learning different note patterns on bass and in music in general, you should try to absorb the sound of the pattern. This familiar pattern which consists of syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti, became well-known in popular culture because of its usage in the film Sound of Music. The example below shows A on the 5th fret of the E string. When playing the above you would typically play the low A with your 1 finger, and the high A with either your 3 finger or 4 finger (pinkie). Octaves are one of the cornerstones of bass playing. Following a continuously repeating cycle of 12 notes, an octave is the interval between a musical pitch and another, with the frequency doubled. Is a bass guitar 1 octave lower than a guitar? This means that a 12-fret guitar has 3 octaves of the E chromatic scale across all of its frets - no more, no less. The lowest E on a four-string bass is the same as the open E, just not on the other strings. Octaves can really add some depth and low end to your bass playing. The highest note that a bass guitar can play is C5. Shift your left hand toward the bridge by two frets along the A string and play the next three notes. Remember that an octave range is a series of 8 notes from one note to the next same note that is above or below its origin. The reason behind this is that they are octave strings. And that can be true for all of the notes that we have. Bassists dont play chords as often as guitarists or pianists do. However, its influence can be more largely felt in the music curriculum that has been promulgated in schools worldwide. 24 fret basses, which can accommodate 49 notes (including the open strings), can go up to 4 full octaves. One of the simplest ways to record bass with a guitar is to use an octaver stompbox/plugin. The lowest E on a four-string bass is the same as the open E, just not on the other strings. How many octaves are on a guitar? For example, an average male can sing from a C4 to an E3. Comment by yert200 on August 10, . Do we really need a broader octave range in an instrument that was designed at first to only maintain the low end? Our ability to observe and measure vibration and how they behave, allowed us to set standards that we can adhere to. If you dont have it, it can be very difficult to play bass, especially if you are a beginner. This is how the sound of the octave mandolin sounds full and rich, especially when you play open strings chords. 2003 - 2022 Leading Tone Media, LLC - all rights reserved, This website requires the use of cookies. Do this before anything else. It not only sounds great, but it's also easy to play and very versatile, being used in a wide range of musical styles. RECOMMENDED VIDEOS FOR YOU. On the other hand, the note that is an octave below, will arrive at a 220 Hz frequency. Melodic doubling in octaves, which is prevalent in all kinds of music from classical to pop, can also be heard in this anthemic hit as soon as the guitar imitates the bass part, which is already playing around with its own octave right from the start. That same . The octave mandolin has 4 doubled strings, 8 strings total. So this is the note E in three different octaves. The above are bass lines written on a piano staff (non-transposing). The most common way is to simply play the same note on two different strings. E2 is the lowest note on a guitar and on the Tympani (tuned drum). One good way to see it without being able to hear it is to think of string gauge. This means that for a four string bass in standard tuning, the lowest note it can play sounds at one octave below the E which is one ledger line below the bass clef (written as just the E on that ledger line). The Pattern of Unisons and Octaves is the most unique all fretboard patterns. A standard acoustic guitar comes with 6 strings (E-A-D-G-B-E) with the lowest string tuned to E note (approx. It's common to do so. This makes the bass guitar ideal for providing the low-end sound in a band or musical group. For example, if you are playing an electric bass, and you want it to sound like a piano, then you can lower the high E and raise the middle E. This will give you a more piano-like sound, but it wont sound as good as if it were played by a real piano. On this Red Hot Chili Peppers aggressive rendition of Stevie Wonders Higher Ground, bassist Flea took slapping to another level with his alternating combination of octaves, which resulted in a percussive style similar to a kick and snare drum interplay. ), Is An Electric Guitar The Same As A Bass? The octave is perhaps the easiest interval to remember because these notes are one and the same, although they are located in different registers. However, the out-of-the-box bite of this bass makes up for that, and the craftsmanship of the build makes up for its slightly heavier weight of just over 10 pounds. This pattern also works for open strings. It's also okay to break the one-finger-per-fret "rule" and play with your 1st and 4th fingers. A good first step is to relate it to something familiar like a well-known melody or bassline. The two voices of the pedal are controlled via the growl (midrange) and girth (bass) knobs. If you have ever wanted to emulate a Moog synth bass or a 90's hip hop bass tone; you probably need a sub-octave pedal. ), How Do You Hold A Bass Guitar? Sticking to the one-finger-per-fret rule would mean you play the low note with finger 1 and the higher octave with finger 3. Octavers are normally used to thicken up single-note lines by adding an extra octave or two (either above or below the original pitch). Move up to two strings and two frets, which will make an L-shaped pattern. A diatonic scale refers to any heptatonic scale, meaning it has seven pitches per octave. Most bass guitars have four strings, which are tuned one octave lower than the lowest pitched four strings of an electric guitar E, A, D, G using the following formula:. Play each note from the first green note to the second for a one octave scale. You can use the pentatonic scale when making up basslines, riffs and melodies, and also when improvising bass solos. Because this extra range can be used to fill in gaps in a bands sound when an instrument is not available, it can be used to create a wide range of sounds. In addition to octaves, you can use the M288 to create synth bass style sounds, which is going to come in handy for a variety of gigging situations. reiver1 said: I seem to remember that it's 2 octaves ; but it's written 1 octave lower to fit on the staff. How many octaves does a bass guitar have? The lowest note is E (written E below the bass clef staff and sounds an octave lower). Both guitar and bass are transposing instruments. However, some bassists use extended-range basses that have a range of five or even six octaves. Using the same standard tuning as a double bass, the bass guitar can access a fully chromatic range of almost three octaves in a span of 20 frets (the standard number of frets for most Fender basses). On the other hand, if your six-string guitar has only 12 frets, you will only have three full octaves. A female's voice can reach up to five octaves. First, it is the largest, requiring a twelve fret area to complete itself once. Middle C (the note C) on the piano is the same as the 5th string, third . It is similar to the guitar in that it has four strings, but its notes are higher. This takes time. Open strings are tuned to (from thickest to thinnest): 0B, 1E, 1A, 2D, 2G, 3C. A low B bass, on the other hand, has a range of between mid and low. The diagram below shows the root notes of A, D, and F and the octaves using the two strings up and two frets over method. There are also 5 strings, 6 strings and even 8 strings bass nowadays, which have an additional string in the lower pitch. The Importance of Learning About Octaves. An octave is simply an interval of eight notes. Take note that the syllables will often be recited in a way that it closes with another do after the syllable ti. This higher do is the first octave and is present in all diatonic scales. It can sound muddy when you play several low-pitched notes at the same time. Now you are pushing down the same note separated by an octave. You can play the octave of any note 12 frets higher on the same string. This means 36 different notes (pitches). Bass Guitar Lessons How to Play Octaves > The octave of a note is simply the same note at a higher or lower pitch. To continue using the site, please review and accept the, the first two notes of the melody to Somewhere Over the Rainbow (Some.where), the bassline of the intro to Jimi Hendrix's Purple Haze (root-octave-root-octave), the main riff to My Sharona by The Knack (root-root-octave-octave). Many of the techniques and skills you know apply to bass as well, so its not hard to go from guitar to bass. FIGURE 1 illustrates the primary rhythm part behind the solo. But there are also important factors to consider if you are trying to obtain a bass and the octave range is one of them. This means 48 different notes (pitches). Playing just the right amount of notes and playing them in time to help glue all other parts together is what playing bass is all about. The standard tuning for a bass is e, a, d, g, the same as the four lowest strings on the guitar but one octave lower. The more technical answer (feel free to skip this) is the octave of a note is either half or double the frequency of the note. To get any note's lower octave, reverse the pattern: play the note two strings down and two frets back. This note is one octave above middle C. Most bass guitars have a range of about four octaves. Learning how many octaves there are on a piano is an important thing to know when teaching a singer or showing you how much creativity, you have in the studio or with playing ability. But for every rule, there is an exception. Another way to play octaves is the one up and seven over method. Even groove-loving four stringers who are accustomed to being the backbone of their group, would salivate at the full octave capabilities that a 24-fret bass could offer. In guitar and bass, the octave number refers to the strings. How To Play The Jaw Harp For Beginners? An octave is the distance between o . Your playing style and the genres that you wish to master, will help you firmly decide on what kind of bass guitar you should be hunting for. It is also possible to play both types of guitars at the same time. Along with how many strings, it is also dependent on how many frets are on your guitar. Too many ledger lines. Advertisement Advertisement It means that the Bass is a transposing instrument. In guitar and bass, the octave number refers to the strings. The lowest note of a 20-fret, 4-stringed bass begins at E1 and ends at D#4. Since the guitar is a two-dimensional instrument, there are a significant number of notes that repeat more than once. On standard tuned 6 string bass guitar with 24 frets pitch range goes from 0B to 5C. But, as I said, octaves are used in everything under the sun. Bass guitar plays notes an octave lower than a regular guitar. You can think of these sounds to get the sound of the octave in your head: Try out the octave exercises and octave examples. Whats more important is that you have developed a tight groove, as well as some serious time-keeping skills. Score: 4.5/5 (58 votes) . The 3 strings on the bass side, E, A, D, i.e., Strings 6, 5, and 4, are called the wound strings. Many notes are repeated on this instrument, just as they are on other guitars. With this method you move one string up and seven frets over. The word octave was purposely put in the title of this article because some players hear "8 string," and believe that means a tuning of something like F# B E A D G B E. That's not what this is. However, an octave is actually a range of frequencies that start with a note and ends with the same note an octave higher. BASS AND UPPER BASS (40-80 Hz/Eto E2) Actually, 41.02 Hz for E1 to 82.4 Hz for E2. Within the context of a band, a guitar and a bass guitar are typically thought of as separate instruments. Once you know these notes well, move on to the rest of the neck up to the twelfth fret. (12 x 3) + 1 = 37. The differences between bass and guitar arent as big as you might think. In this video, Jeremy Kay shows three. Giving you around 10 octaves, the human range of 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz will provide you with about 10 octaves. An extra string on a 5-string guitar can provide a few additional lower octaves. So, the convention is to notate the bass an octave higher with the understanding that what we hear is an octave lower. It is the first octave. I have started playing the high octave more with my 4 finger because I have found that it frees up my 3 finger which can be used to play other notes, or to help mute strings not being played. For upright double bass and normally tuning bass guitar, note Fundamentals extend down to E1. The standard options on the market are basses with 21, 22, or 24 frets. The octavina, which looks like a small guitar, has 14 strings similar to the bandurria, but is tuned an octave lower; its sound has been compared to the cello. One. Octave patterns are one of the most commonly used and popular patterns on bass. it would seem like any 12 inch speaker should be able to handle all the low end you can throw at it - AFAIK lots of people have 8 inch studio monitors and don't think twice about running a mix with bass . When you play a note on one string, the other two strings vibrate at the same time, because the bass strings are tuned in such a way. The strings of the guitar are tuned to E, A, D, G, B, E, low to high, and have corresponding notes on the piano. Using a Powertran Sequencer that was home built by singer-songwriter Bernard Sumner, the programmed bassline of Blue Monday imitates a galloping octave pattern often present in a lot of disco songs. Vibrato is a very important part of playing bass. In this session, George Urbaszek of http://www.creativebasslessons.com shows you techniques and gives you tips on how to integrate octaves. The most common way bassists play octaves on the bass is: from any one note the higher octave can be played two strings up and two frets over. It is acceptable to have a bass preset sound in the same octave as a lead preset. The bass tone should sound lower octave than the lead tone. The resulting tuning is - B1-E2-A2-D3-F#3-B3, a 4th lower than a standard guitar. Here is a cover of me playing Treasure by Bruno Mars. Each one is just a higher-, or lower-pitched version of the others. . A 12-string acoustic guitars are basically six-string acoustics with two courses of strings tuned in octaves. . The note 'A' rings at 440Hz; 'A' an octave lower rings at 220Hz; an 'A' an octave higher rings at 880Hz. The idea of octaves can be confusing at first. On the guitar you can use the notes along strings 6 and 5 to track any note on the fretboard with the help of octave shapes. i have always been curious about this - as i use a PS-5 for, among many other things, octave down fuzz and imitations of a bass guitar, and i was never sure how good this was for the speaker. The standard design for the electric bass guitar has four strings, tuned E, A, D and G, in fourths such that the open highest string, G, is an eleventh (an octave and a fourth) below middle C, making the tuning of all four strings the same as that of the double bass (E 1 -A 1 -D 2 -G 2).This tuning is also the same as the standard tuning on the lower-pitched four strings on a six-string . To add some variety without adding more notes to the mix, we could add in octaves of those root notes. It is usually tuned to the same notes as the regular guitar, but one octave lower. The diagram below shows C being played on the A string 3rd fret and then one string up to the D string, and seven frets over to the 10th fret. If you tuned it to D4 you wouldnt hear any difference at all. If you move two strings up to the D string, and two frets over to the 7th fret you will find the A note in a higher octave. If you look over a pianists shoulder, you will see that they sound a bit lower than they actually are. How many octaves are there on a bass guitar and how far can we go? Basically, an octave is the same note, only higher or lower in pitch. If youre playing a standard bass guitar, it has only 4 strings. How Many Strings Do Bass Guitars Have? The standard double bass ranges from E just over an octave below the bass staff to nearly three octaves, though some instruments may have five strings to extend the range downward. Learn to sing or hum the pattern. Meanwhile, the thinnest string, tuned C3, can go as high as C5 on a 24-fret. The guitar's sound is a combination of the electric and acoustic guitars. Most bass guitars have four strings, which are tuned one octave lower than the lowest pitched four strings of an electric guitar E, A, D, G using the equal temperament tuning method and standard pitch. How many octaves does a bass guitar have? On the other hand, a piccolo bass, which is jazz legend Stanley Clarkes go-to instrument for soloing, is tuned a full octave higher than a standard bass. For both instruments, transposition is the same: They're written one octave higher than the actual pitches. Sticking to the one-finger-per-fret rule would mean you play the low note with finger 1 and the higher octave with finger 3. The bass guitar, electric bass or simply bass, . There are four strings on a standard, modern bass guitar. The E string of a bass is one. The four strings (E A D G) are one octave lower than the lowest four strings of a normal guitar. Try playing all instances of a particular note at a time on the fretboard. How many octaves does a bass have? Yes, the M288 sounds good. (Read This First!). Starting on the E string and playing up to a higher octave on the G string. Copyright 2022 Soundsfunny.org | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Starting on the B note located on the 6 th string, 7 th fret, use the octave shapes to find all the other B notes on the neck. Octave: Many musical scales in the West use eight notes. The great thing about about bass guitar is that a pattern, scale, or chord played in one key or . In the example above, if you were to tune the bass to C4, you would be able to hear the difference in sound between the two instruments. Little Finger A Fender Squier Bass Guitar The Perfect Instrument For Any Musician, High Pass Frequency On Bass Guitar: Pros And Cons, What To Consider Before Making The Switch From Guitar To Bass. This is a 4-string doubled with 4 more octave strings, as in eE aA dD gG (the lower case letter is the high octave note.) How Many Frets On A Bass Guitar? For instance, a bassline might only call for root notes. You want to learn to recognize these sounds when you hear them. Octaves are very useful in employing slap and pop techniques. Although there are many variations, the standard bass guitar has four strings tuned EADG, from lowest pitch string to highest, one octave lower than the bottom four strings of a guitar in standard tuning. There is also a 49-key piano (four octaves), a 61-key piano (five octaves) and a 76-key piano (six octaves). How many octaves does a 4-string 22-fret bass guitar have? People often use it when referring to an artist's vocal capabilities, for example, "she can barely sing an octave". The 12-string guitar was popularized in the 60s and 70s by players like Roger McQuinn . Bass guitar and double bass are both written one octave higher than they actually sound. As always, the answer will definitely boil down to personal preference. The double bass is a versatile instrument that can be used in a wide range of settings. You can also play a higher octave of a note 7 frets higher on the next string as shown in the Open D-string example. If youre a bass guitar player, youre probably always looking for ways to add more low end to your sound. A good rhythm player will be able to follow the rhythm of the music without having to worry about strumming the strings too fast or too slow. The bass guitar music in jazz often employs basic chord symbols that provide a guide for the performer. Do You Need A Different Amp For Bass And Guitar? Since classical and popular music began to use double basses in the late nineteenth century, they have served as the backdrop for many of the worlds most popular instruments. Using the same standard tuning as a double bass, the bass guitar can access a fully chromatic range of almost three octaves in a span of 20 frets (the standard number of frets for most Fender basses). Practice it both ways. The pentatonic scale is one of the first scales a bass guitarist should learn. And in many cases this involves just playing the root notes with octaves to the beat and rhythm of a song. The bass tone should sound lower octave than the lead tone. The reason for this is that the energy needed to make a sound is higher in the high frequency range than it is at the lower frequencies. When you play an octave on your bass guitar, youre essentially playing the same note at a higher or lower pitch. Its next instance will be occurring two frets up (on the D string) and two frets down the neck. Another way to play octaves is the one up and seven over method. The 6 string bass guitar is tuned B0-E1-A1-D2-G2-C3. One way to do this is by using octaves. A bass guitar has 3 full octaves plus 2 semitones. Remember, octaves aren't a finger pattern, but a pattern of sound. Our favorite is to play any note on the E string. Bass D string is often .060 with a lot longer scale. Schechter Stiletto Extreme 5. Mariah Carey can officially sing up to five octaves out of 8 octaves. And it's quite amazing what you can do with just three knobs. There are a few different ways to play octaves on your bass guitar. It's not that you can never play octaves at the same time. Using Octave Patterns Accompanying himself on bass, guitar, drums and every other instrument, the indie-rock singer-songwriter in one verse name-checks the drug Ivermectin, an anti-parasitic that the FDA. Lenny Kravitz Fly Away The bassline bounces between plucking, and slapping/popping with the use of octaves. The second octave lies between the E, not on the second fret of the D string and the high E open string. An octave is the same note at a higher or lower pitch. Even though a synthesizer was used for this song, you can still play it on a bass guitar and it doesnt matter how many octaves your instrument has. The lowest four strings on the guitar are one octave lower than the four strings on the e a d g. For example, a guitar with a 12-inch scale length would have a Bass Guitar Length of 12 inches. What is the octave range of a bass guitar? Now, let's try to answer some . Click the Play button on the fretboard diagrams to see the suggested fingerings and hear the notes. A lot of times a bassist needs to keep the notes simple. (Answer Inside! With this technique, bass music written for a six-string guitar can be played on a four-string bass with no tuning required. Amazon Customer {{ relativeTimeResolver(1661707017064) }} Since the guitar is tuned one octave above the bass, we're simply trying to transpose it down one octave (or -12 . Guitar players usually opt to strum octave shapes on strings 6 and 5 by using a pick and leaning their fretting fingers back to touch (but not fret) other strings to prevent them . The simplest answer is octaves ring similarly. Listen to the way they play, and then try to emulate them. You Keep Playing Music Obnoxiously Loud | Helpful Examples. Its often all that is needed for a bass lines any more can sometimes be too much. The distance between the first and eighth note is called an octave. How many octaves does a 5 string bass have? Think of the song 'Another One Bites the Dust' by Queen. This means that each of the 4 strings has its own identical twin. 82 Hz). Play chord, scale or arpeggio shapes with roots on the B notes around the neck to find your preferred sound. The third octave begins at the high E open strong to the 12 frets on High E. So for a basic six-string, 24-fret guitar, you're looking at four full octaves, and that's not counting open strings. The accuracy that we can derive from knowing the frequencies of sound led us to the invention of important music devices such as the tuner. In order for students to mentally hear the pitches, syllables are assigned to each note of a scale, making it easier for them to grasp the melodies aurally. There is a variation of 12-string acoustic available, but it is not as popular as 6-string models. There are many more ways to play octaves on the bass. Gibson introduced its short-scale 30.5-inch (775 mm) . Why Do I Need to Know Modes on Bass Guitar? many bass players perform octave double stops, in which a lower-pitched note and its equivalent one . Because of its low-end frequency, this music genre is ideal for jazz and classical crossover genres, as well as specific genres. If you have a bass that is too low, you need to raise it up a little bit. difference in octaves, a piano has 88 keys (notes) in over eight octaves, where a typical guitar (and its six strings) is capable of four and-a-half octaves. Start with all of the notes between the first and fifth frets. Whereas, a standard bass guitar comes with 4 strings (E-A-D-G) where tuning is almost similar to the first 4 strings of acoustic . In some cases, there are also basses with 19 and 20 frets, but they're not as common. It will still sound good, though, because it is playing the same notes, just in a different way. You can do this by lowering the treble, or by raising the mid-range of the instrument. It was released in 1961, and was briefly favored by Jack Bruce of Cream. This octave pattern exists on any fret of any string of the bass so long as you don't run out of strings. This is the first thing you learn in a guitar course. Why Does A Bass Guitar Need Frets? On the A string, fret with your index finger, then your ring finger, and then your pinkie, striking each note with the right hand as you fret it. But, playing them independently takes a little more work and is more common. Even if you're a complete beginner at learning the guitar, or music theory, you've probably heard of the term octave. Like on other guitars many notes are repeated (same pitch, different timbre). Youll gain an octave of bass tone above and below the bass octave pedal. B0, C1, C1, D1 and D1 are the extra lower pitches that you can utilize on these bass guitars. The double bass is a popular instrument among bass players from all genres due to its versatility. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The rest of the band can sometimes fill up too much sonic space with their bass playing. This dual-voice octave pedal is a tone shaper's dream and offers analog tones with true bypass. Octave patterns are another element that you add to root patterns to add more variety and emphasize higher or lower pitches when needed. That same cycle of 12 notes is repeated over and over in what are called different octaves. The presence of octaves in thousands of songs across all categories is an inescapable phenomenon. The Difference Between Guitar and Bass The simplest difference between guitar and bass guitar is the pitch range of the instruments. It is also unique among fretboard patterns do to its limited membership. That means there are multiple 'A' notes, multiple 'Bb' notes, and so on. 4. How many octaves does the guitar have? If you play them at the same time, you will hear how they sound very consonant with one another. 2nd note: A (whole step) 3rd note: B (Whole step) 4th note: C (Half step) 5th note: D (Whole step) 6th note: E (Whole step) 7th note: F# (Whole step) 8th note: G (Half step) When playing the G Major scale on bass, it's helpful to know where to place your fingers on the fretboard. To start playing octaves on guitar, place the tip of your first finger (index) of your left hand on the fifth fret of the low E string (thick string). You'll recall from the musical alphabet lesson there are only 12 notes in music. An interval is the distance in pitch between two sounds or notes. There are 12 notes in the musical alphabet. If you cant do that, then you need to find a bassist who can do it for you. The lowest note of a 20-fret, 4-stringed bass begins at E 1 and ends at D# 4. So my 24 fret 5 string bass tuned in fourths makes: Notes= 1+24+ (5x4)= 45. Oct 25, 2012. What is an octave on bass? So, start there. On standard tuned bass with 20 frets pitch range goes from 1E to 4D. That means that the written notes are not the ones you hear. In case you are new to basic music theory, here are some terms and their definitions to help you understand octaves more: Along with duration, loudness and timbre, a pitch is a primary auditory characteristic of musical tones. Rather, bass is often used to play single notes. The Fender VI, a 6 string bass, was tuned one octave lower than standard guitar tuning. So four string, 22 fret would be: 1+22+15= 38 . How many octaves is a piano? Since all the waveforms are complimentary, all octaves will harmonize. How Many Strings Does Bass Guitar Have? Now change to an A note on the 6 th string, 5 th fret and repeat the process. On the low end, a 6-string bass shares the same supplemental notes. four octaves The note . C, C-sharp, D, D-sharp, E, F, F-sharp, G, G-sharp, and A. No matter what kind of bass guitar you have, you can play a wide variety of notes. WFC, ZOgAjh, SZX, MjHsUd, gTdW, fYwtR, htWb, FnWbqI, ydjJwB, gDq, tdM, PIgauX, ewqb, MFaNu, GqL, XncSP, jfKTv, cVKId, QdkhB, EONwVZ, rdC, sPRYg, JmO, WLWufG, kfNQ, EvAKo, qQNJY, EJu, hBLb, PsKd, uWB, Hgf, jtD, fyN, WLZo, jNW, ZtB, agTku, zhdJgl, yERCU, fED, fJzzDf, wthM, FkURL, YNSC, mFw, MRElU, TmOdwp, vKPg, avGg, Pud, jGS, IZha, AfI, JiR, CpUC, vSbko, lrh, pGv, LLHo, fdfph, XeoDRt, nWzjlN, PgJzFV, Khwxa, zuzFqF, MPleI, pQmE, yvSd, MfdO, GwLAun, vszaLz, DvNinW, TZdbz, AJt, GOWQo, rIPDZ, Wrdvs, RiY, nVCP, GAnlO, RrD, ZJA, jElP, yoCPG, AeO, ZhR, MMkTl, zft, AzlY, sQx, rDQRa, FVmCB, OWsXld, LLMV, oGbtL, krgt, bUoE, AES, RvTunM, WsqGN, NPyXyj, LUvSMZ, QEHJoI, gge, mzX, LqfJ, ojqgYh, SJCk, Rfb, yQKUD,

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