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During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. This ended the 3 centuries Arab rule over Punjab. Trafford Publishing, 2013. The zenith was reached at the end of the 17th century, when the reign under emperor Aurangzeb witnessed the full establishment of Islamic Sharia through the Fatawa al-Alamgir.[5][6]. [55] A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of prophet Muhammad. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid Empire covered an area running from central Iran east to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni on the banks of Ghazni river in present-day Afghanistan, and at Lahore in present-day Pakistan. (Only the headline and picture of this report may have been reworked by the Business Standard staff; the rest of the content is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.). [17][18][19] Shortly after the Muslim conquest of Persia, the connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions during the Rashidun Caliphate. After the Battle of Plassey, the Battle of Buxar, Anglo-Mysore Wars, Anglo-Maratha Wars and Anglo-Sikh Wars the British East India Company seized control of much of the Indian subcontinent. Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International. Avari writes, "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth, The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of, The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 pg 322, Wink, Andre, " Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds Vol 1", pp201, Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp57, Sen, Sailendra Nath, "Ancient Indian History and Civilization 2nd Edition", pp346, Khushalani, Gobind, "Chachnama Retold An Account of the Arab Conquests of Sindh", pp221, Editors: El Harier, Idris, & M'Baye, Ravene, "Spread of Islam Throughout the World ", pp594, Wink, Andre, " Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds Vol 1", pp119, Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp71 pp79, Wink, Andre, " Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds Vol 2", pp113, Dashti, Naseer, "The Baloch and Balochistan", pp65, Dashti, Naseer, "The Baloch and Balochistan", pp78, Wink, Andre, "Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds Vol 1", pp. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. [264][self-published source?] [219] Within regions that was already under firm control of the Delhi Sultanate, the direct evidence of this is meagre. [251] Similarly, the Muslim mosque in Khanapur, Maharashtra was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples. Indologist Richard Eaton writes that from Akbar's time to today, he has attracted conflicting labels, "from a strict Muslim to an apostate, from a free-thinker to a crypto-Hindu, from a Zoroastrian to a proto-Christian, from an atheist to a radical innovator". [219], Some modern era Indian texts mention that Hindu and Jain temples of Delhi Sultanate era received endowments from Muslim authorities, presenting these as evidence of lack of persecution during this period. [35] As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region. Exterior wall reliefs at Hoysaleswara Temple. [110] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500500 BCE). The evidence that is available suggests that the victorious Hindu kings undertook significant effort to house the expropriated images in new, grand temples within their kingdom. The Mughals suffered a major decline in the early 18th century, mostly after their defeat in the Mughal-Rajput Wars[7] and MughalMaratha Wars. Towards this objective, FFCEL, FFC 100% owned subsidiary, is the first wind farm project of the country, with a capacity of 49.50 MWh. The plains are also very hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 50C (122F). Lahore province included parts of central and northern Punjab and the Indian Punjab region, bordering Delhi and Kashmir provinces. The negotiations were widely considered to be insufficiently transparent.[82]. There is also the example of Sultan Abidin (14201470) sending Kashmiri artisans to Samarqand to learn book-binding and paper making. The Mughal Empire was one of the largest centralized states in pre-modern history and was the precursor to the British Indian Empire. "Mind your languageThe movement for the preservation of Punjabi". Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. [3][4] Some of these, however, were followed by Hindu reconquests and resistance from the native powers and states, such as the Kamma Nayakas, Vijayanagaras, Gajapatis, Cheros, and Rajput states. In 1876, Robert Sandeman negotiated the Treaty of Kalat, which brought the Khan's territories, including Kharan, Makran, and Las Bela, under British protection, even though they remained independent princely states. [199][213], The Delhi Sultanate started in the 13th-century and continued through the early 16th century, when the Mughal conquest replaced it. The facility was designed with an annual capacity of 551,000 metric tons of urea and 445,500 metric tons of DAP, revamped to 670,000 metric tons of DAP. Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and near the Sulaiman Range. There are 48 departments in Punjab government. He was a close aide of the Timurid ruler Humayun, and was succeeded by the Khanate of Kalat, which owed allegiance to the Mughal Empire. The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. 1 June 2005. The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. [3], The Beginning (1978-1993): Plant-I & Plant-II, Diversification: Food, Energy and Financial Sectors, Karachi Stock Exchange top 25 companies awards, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Company profile and stock quote of Fauji Fertilizer Company, FFC: The largest urea manufacturer in Pakistan, Wind project to start Production in Nov 2012, "Fauji Fertilizer to inject $39m into Thar Energy", "Fauji Cement earns Rs 3.47 billion in profit", Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited Detailed Company financials, Fauji Fertilizer Bin-Qasim Limited Detailed Company financials, Defence Science and Technology Organization, National Engineering and Scientific Commission, Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Army Public College of Management Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauji_Fertilizer_Company&oldid=1107345636, Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 29 August 2022, at 14:20. By 1801, Ranjit Singh captured Lahore and threw off the Afghan yoke from North West India. [9] This provided opportunities for the powerful Rajput States, Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad, Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, and Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. Jackson clarifies that the evidence suggests that the destroyed temples were "new temples", and not the old one's near Delhi whose devotees were already paying regular Jizya to the Sultan's treasuries. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2,068,233 i.e. [18] During this time from the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1823, four princely states were recognised and reinforced in Balochistan: Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat. In the 7th century, the region saw its first wave of Arab conquests, which introduced Islam; by the 8th century, when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the key city of Multan.[11]. The Company's commercial operations commenced by selling an average of 1.3million cubic metres (47million cubic feet) per day gas in two regions viz. The Tughlaq dynasty, meanwhile, temporarily expanded its territorial reach to Tamil Nadu. Multan was the ancient capital and cultural centre of the region, it was conquered by Alexander the Great after a fierce battle. [221] These views were not exceptions, rather consistent with Islamic thinking of that era and are "commonly encountered in polemical writing against the infidel in different parts of the Islamic world at different times", states Jackson. The other minorities include Sikhs, Parsis and Bahs.[108]. [123] The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith. Sikh texts, for example, document their "Guru Teg Bahadur accompanying sixteen Hindu Brahmins on a quest to stop Mughal persecution of Hindus; they were arrested and commanded to convert to Islam on pain of torture and death", states Gier, "they all refused, and in November 1675, Mati Das was sawed in half, Dayal Das was boiled alive, Sati Das was burned alive, and Teg Bahadar was beheaded."[244]. [65] Al Hakam next invaded the Deccan in 739 AD with the intention of permanent conquest, but was decisively defeated at Navsari by the viceroy Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukya Empire serving Vikramaditya II. On 1 April 1883, the British took control of the Bolan Pass, south-east of Quetta, from the Khan of Kalat. Rajput women committing Jauhar during Akbar's invasion. [156][157] Different population estimates by economics historians Angus Maddison and Jean-Nol Biraben also indicate that India's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500, but increased by about 35million during that time. [35] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation. His father was Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, a civil servant and close associate of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, and his grandfather was Sardar Karam Khan, who died in battle against the Sikhs in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.. [34] The Arabs launched several raids against these frontier lands, but repeated rebellions in Sistan and Khurasan between 653 and 691 AD diverted much of their military resources in order to subdue these provinces and away from expansion into Al Hind. The biggest victory of the Sikh Empire over the Durrani Empire came in the Battle of Attock fought in 1813 between Sikh and Wazir of Afghanistan Fateh Khan and his younger brother Dost Mohammad Khan. "The Baloch Conflict: Towards a Lasting Peace,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Presidencies and provinces of British India, favoured a united India and opposed its partition, List of districts in Balochistan, Pakistan, Bolan University of Medical & Health Sciences, Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, List of cities in Balochistan, Pakistan by population, List of cultural heritage sites in Balochistan, Pakistan, "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017", "Pak population increased by 46.9% between 1998 and 2011", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces", "Delimitation of union councils, wards in Balochistan completed", "Ghulam Shah Kalhora and Relations With Kutch", "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat", "Balochistan: The untold story of Pakistan's other war", 37pc Baloch favour independence: UK survey", "RAW conspiring against CPEC agreement: Sarfraz Bugti", "RAW behind Mastung killings: Sarfraz Bugti", "RAW more active after CPEC agreement: Sarfraz Bugti", "Arab legacy lingers as Pakistan's Gwadar grows from tiny fishing town into port city", "Pakmet.com.pk - Pakistan's Biggest Property Website", "New division, two districts created in Balochistan", "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)", "Country escapes major earthquake damage", "Population, Area and Density by Region/Province", "Population shoots up by 47 percent since 1998". Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, and Sialkot. The new company Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited (formerly FFC-Jordan Fertilizer Company Limited) commenced commercial production with effect from January 1, 2000. Umayyads after conquering key cities of Uch and Multan inhabited thousands of Arabs in Multan, These Arabs ruled the vast areas of Punjab for next 3 centuries. Bayajibai Shinde, Maharaja Daulat Rao Scindia's queen, built the temple in the 19th century. The armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the Meenakshi Temple and looted it of its valuables. [65] The Arabs moved east from Sindh in several detachments[15] and probably attacked from both the land and the sea, occupying Mirmad (Marumada, in Jaisalmer), Al-Mandal (perhaps Okhamandal in Gujarat) or Marwar,[71] and raiding Dahnaj, not identified, al-Baylaman (Bhilmal) and Jurz (Gurjara countrynorth Gujarat and southern Rajasthan),[72] attacking Barwas (Broach), and sacking Vallabhi. [191], Yohanan Friedmann however finds that Chachnama holds most of the contemporary religious as well as political authority to have collaborated with the invaders, and those who promptly surrendered were not only gifted with huge sums of money but also entrusted to rule conquered territories. The break up of the Delhi Sultanate resulted in several Muslim sultanates and dynasties to emerge across the Indian subcontinent, such as the Gujarat Sultanate, Malwa Sultanate, Khandesh Sultanate, Bahmani Sultanate, the Madurai Sultanate, and the wealthy and powerful Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. [83], During the closing years of the tenth and the early years of the succeeding century of our era, Mahmud the first Sultan and Musalman of the Turk dynasty of kings who ruled at Ghazni, made a succession of inroads twelve or fourteen in number, into Gandhar the present Peshwar valley in the course of his proselytizing invasions of Hindustan. Islamic and Mughal architecture and art is widely noticeable in India, examples being the Taj Mahal and Jama Masjid. Craterus supervised the construction. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. [175] According to Deepa Ollapally, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was clearly discriminatory towards Hindu and all other non-Muslims, displaying an "unprecedented level of religious bigotry", but perhaps this was a consequence of the opposition he faced from a number of his family members. However, Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage,[57] and secondly the noble character of the Sultan which distinguished him as a Prophet's descendant.[58]. [176] During the medieval span, she states, "episodes of direct religious persecution of Hindus were rare", as were communal riots between Hindus and Muslims. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary. Rainy season (July to September). [81] Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. The influences of these languages exist in several dialects in India today. [163][164][165][162][note 1] Indian scholar Rahul Ram asserts that the Rajput immigration into what is today Nepal is an undoubted fact but there can be questions in purity of blood of some leading families. [52][51], Balochi forms the majority in 21 districts and Pashto forms majority in 9 districts of Balochistan. Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs. According to the preliminary results of the 2017 census, the languages with the most native speakers in the province are Balochi, spoken by 35.49% of the population, and Pashto, whose share at 35.34% is a marked increase on the 1998 census, when it stood at 29.6%. [103] The list of thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals that demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres includes: Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2017 Census)[107][108], The Punjabi people first practiced Hinduism, the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region. [64], The economy of Balochistan is largely based upon the production of natural gas, coal and other minerals. [217] This discrimination against Hindus was in force in the latter half of the 14th century, states Jackson, yet it is difficult to establish if and how this was enforced outside of the major centers under Muslim control. The company also held first position in the overall category of Best Presented Accounts for the years 2002-2007[10], Internationally, FFC is well recognized as a member of International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Arab Fertilizer Association (AFA) and United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) New York, USA. Located in centraleastern region of the country, Punjab is the second-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the largest province by population. Multan remained the medieval capital of Punjab up till start of 17th century. Idols in temples were smashed, and the city of Mathura was temporarily renamed as Islamabad in local official documents. Perhaps the most significant contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating the subcontinent from the potential devastation of the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the 13th century, which nonetheless led to the capture of Afghanistan and western Pakistan by the Mongols (see the Ilkhanate Dynasty). The Ghaznavid conquests were initially directed against the Ismaili Fatimids of Multan, who were engaged in an ongoing struggle with the provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate in conjunction with their compatriots of the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa and the Middle East; Mahmud apparently hoped to curry the favor of the Abbasids in this fashion. In common with the other provinces of Pakistan, Balochistan has a parliamentary form of government. In 1030, Mahmud fell gravely ill and died at age 59. He abolished the jizya twice. [195] It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.[86][87]. [261] The temple was completely destroyed on the orders of the Muslim ruler Sikandar Butshikan in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year. [37] The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. If some temples were not destroyed in these areas, it did result in a loss to Hindu temple building patronage and an uprooting of Hindu sacred geography. Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited (FFC) is the largest urea manufacturer in Pakistan. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. A new chapter of Muslim conquests began when the Samanid Dynasty took over the Saffarid Kingdom and Sabuktigin seized Ghazni. [243] Sources document brutal episodes of persecution. The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished from about 3000 B.C. [59][60][61] The Shri Hinglaj Mata mandir which is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan is situated in Balochistan. [46][vague][failed verification], Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al Thaqifi, who had played a crucial role during the Second Fitna for the Umayyad cause, was appointed the governor of Iraq in 694 AD. It markets nearly 3.4 million metric tonnes of fertilizer per annum for both FFC and FFBL under brand name "SONA UREA". Sindhi Culture by U.T. Thakkur, Univ. [131] In Afghanistan Zaman Shah Durrani was defeated by powerful Barakzai chief Fateh Khan who appointed Mahmud Shah Durrani as the new ruler of Afghanistan and appointed himself as Wazir of Afghanistan. These cities are yet to be identified. In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches 2,327 metres (7,635ft)[citation needed] near the hill station of Fort Munro in Dera Ghazi Khan. From their capital in Multan they ruled the far areas of Kashmir. [60] Arabs marched up to the foothills of Kashmir along the Jhelum in 713 AD,[64] and stormed the Al-Kiraj (probably the Kangra valley). The Scindia ruler later established them in Gopal Mandir, bringing to a halt the doors long journey. [35] The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets. [128] In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%[129] and during the period 200203 to 200708, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year. [citation needed] Aside from Quetta, the second-largest city of the province is Turbat in the south, while another area of major economic importance is Gwadar Port on the Arabian Sea. [220] In some cases, the policies on destroying or letting Hindus worship in their old temples changed as Sultans changed. While some rulers were zealous in their spread of Islam, others were relatively liberal. He was educated at school in Aligarh and later at Aligarh Muslim University, and was sent to study medicine at [11][48], In the ninth century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty emerged in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab and eastern Afghanistan. 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